植被对黄土高原沟壑区坡地土壤有机碳的影响

选取高原沟壑区王东沟流域内典型的治理坡段,研究不同植被条件下土壤有机碳、氮的含量变化和坡面分布特征。结果表明:与荒草(白羊草)群落相比,油松群落条件下,土壤有机碳含量提高9.3%(P>0.05),而果园土壤有机碳含量降低40.1%(P<0.05)。沙棘、侧柏和刺槐群落下,土壤有机碳含量虽低于荒草群落,但尚未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。果园和刺槐群落下坡面有机碳变化趋势不明显;杏树群落下表现为坡中部含量高,上部和下部低;白羊草群落下坡面有机碳含量从上到下逐渐增加。不同植被条件下土壤全氮与土壤有机碳存在极显著(R²=0.925)的相关关系。     

新疆和田河流域河川径流时序特征分析

根据新疆和田河流域3个测站的多年实测径流资料,从径流的年内分配和年际变化2个方面分析了和田河流域河川径流的变化特征。计算结果表明,在年内分配方面,由于径流补给来源的作用,流域径流绝大部分集中在夏季,这就使得径流年内分配不均匀系数和集中度普遍较高,而计算所得的集中期也与实测最大月径流出现的情况相吻合。在径流的年际变化方面,尽管和田河流域的年降雨量存在递增的趋势,但是由于源区高山的雪线高程上升、冰川退缩,再加上人类活动的影响越来越显著,从而导致流域的河川径流呈现微弱的下降趋势。经过周期图法分析得到,和田河流域的年径流量不存在明显的周期成分。     

澳门城市路面地表径流特征分析

对澳门半岛孙逸仙大马路两场降雨时段的地表径流进行采样监测,项目包括浊度、COD_Cr、Pb、Zn、Cu.结果表明,初期径流水质中浊度和COD_Cr极高,但随着降雨冲刷强度的增大,SS和Pb的监测浓度增加.路面径流水质参数随降雨径流历时变化的过程曲线,很大程度上取决于降雨特征、路面车流量和路面垃圾清扫状况.2场降雨路面径流初始冲刷现象定量分析结果正好相反,反映了路面径流特征的不确定性和复杂性,因此,需对路面径流冲刷、累积过程的影响因素进行综合考虑.     

黄土高原雨养农业区雨水集蓄应用研究

经过对坡度为5°和15°,集水面分别是塑料、水泥、三合土、夯实土和自然土等5种表面的车道型雨水径流试验研究结果表明,径流系数与降雨强度和坡度均有一定的关系;塑料、水泥面的平均径流系数为72％～77％,三合土、夯实土、自然土的平均径流系数为5％～18％。根据计算和试验结果,进行了垄膜沟植雨水集蓄试验研究,表明增产效果比较明显。根据设计降雨量、平均径流系数和小麦生育期需水量,估算了西峰、环县和天水等代表站集水面与耕种面积之比,其值在0.5～0.8之间。     

Prairie strips reduce fecal indicator bacteria concentrations in simulated runoff

Vegetative filter strips (VFS) have shown promising results in reducing the downstream transport of many agroecosystem contaminants. A recently developed type of VFS, prairie strips, has been shown to significantly reduce the impact of corn and soybean production systems on water quality in terms of sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus losses. This study assessed potential additional benefits of prairie strips to include the reduction of pathogens. To assess the impact of prairie strips on manure-laden agricultural runoff, we utilized a physical model of prairie strips in a laboratory flume to conduct highly controlled overland flow experiments. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus concentration reductions of up to 45% and 65% were observed for runoff and infiltration flows, respectively, while mass load reductions of up to 65% were observed for surficial runoff flows. The degree of concentration or mass load reductions was dependent on the residence time of the flow within the strip and the partitioning of overland flow running onto the strip to infiltration and runoff flows. Based on our results and a review of the literature, we developed a design method to provide guidance on the width of prairie strip buffer needed to achieve a user-defined reduction of fecal bacteria concentration.     

Depressional runoff cascade networks of the Des Moines Lobe of Iowa

In this study, we develop a general mathematical framework and algorithm for routing cumulative precipitation excess through depressional fill–spill cascade networks in a landscape using only information about depression morphology, local contributing areas, and potential overland flow pathways. The framework also allows for the classification of depressions according to their landscape position within a network, and calculation of precipitation- and non-precipitation-dependent network properties, including measures of network complexity and runoff connectivity. To demonstrate its use, we applied our framework to the 167,287 drained depressions of the Des Moines Lobe of Iowa, a sub-region of the Prairie Pothole Region of North America, over a large range of historically observed precipitation amounts for scenarios both neglecting and incorporating infiltration in runoff generation. Our results show that 85.3% of depressions in this region form 18,851 unique depressional runoff cascade networks, with the remainder being disjunct features. Most of the properties of the region's networks appear to conform to either a truncated power-law or lognormal distribution. For a given rainfall amount, surface runoff connectivity between depressions within networks, and between networks and off-network areas, is controlled primarily by available aggregate depressional volumetric storage and contributing area, and to a lesser degree, network complexity.     

地表水中甲醛的光谱吸收曲线-线性拟合斜率-乙酰丙酮分光光度法检测

光谱吸收曲线-线性拟合斜率-分光光度法(SAC-LFS-S)用于检测地表水中甲醛尚存准确度不足问题,通过筛选合适的参比波长段,使SAC-LFS-S法准确度进一步提高。以试剂空白和浊度梯度地表水样品的检测结果及方法检出限为主要筛选对象,得到425～435、420～435、420～440、415～440、415～445、410～445、415～450、410～450、455～495、410～455、405～455、450～500 nm等共12个合适的测定波长段;再选择试剂空白结果较低、批间重复性较好的450～500 nm测定波长段,筛选参比波长段(455～465、480～495、450～490 nm共3个)。结果表明:优化后SAC-LFS-S法线性范围为0. 100～3. 00 mg/L,方法检出限为0. 025～0. 033 mg/L;优化前、后方法测得部分地表水样品结果分别为有检出和未检出,回收率为73. 4%～108. 8%,后者与无亮黄色化合物产生的实验现象更吻合。经参比波长段校正的SAC-LFS-S法具有更高的准确度,非常适用于地表水中甲醛的直接测定。     

弱层台阶边坡可靠度非侵入式随机分析*

为确保复杂结构边坡的安全稳定，针对弱层台阶边坡可靠性开展非侵入式随机分析。以抗剪参数为随机变量，采用局部平均法进行随机场离散，采用随机场和Monte Carlo(SMC)法编制程序进行数值计算，并与Monte Carlo(MC)法结果进行比较。结果表明:利用非侵入式随机分析方法计算可靠度效率更高且易于实现；随机场可以反映岩体力学参数的空间变异性以及参数之间相关特性，更接近于实际情况，弱层对边坡稳定性有重要影响，会导致边坡安全系数降低，且最大位移会显著增大；采用MC法会过度放大边坡的失效概率，而SMC法得到的结果更可靠。该结论可为复杂结构边坡的可靠性分析提供参考。     

黄土区薄层浮土道路侵蚀试验研究

为研究降雨强度和坡度对黄土区薄层浮土覆盖的土质道路产流产沙的影响,在野外调查的基础上,通过室内模拟降雨试验研究不同雨强(1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 mm/min)和坡度(2°、4°、8°、16°)条件下0.5 cm厚度浮土道路径流和产沙特征。结果表明:1)相同坡度条件下,平均径流率随雨强增大呈递增趋势,其变化范围在0.80~2.73 L/min,且1.5~2.5 mm/min雨强条件下平均径流率是1.0 mm/min的1.34~3.04倍,各雨强条件下浮土侵蚀阶段产流量占比范围在5.22%~40.38%;2)次降雨平均含沙量随坡度和雨强的增大均呈递增趋势,其变化范围在11.75~194.25 g/L,且与坡度和雨强分别呈显著线性和指数函数关系(P<0.05),1.0~2.5 mm/min雨强下浮土侵蚀阶段产沙量占比为0.05%~71.51%,其占比随雨强和坡度的增大存在波动,且混合侵蚀阶段产沙量与坡度和雨强呈良好的线性关系(P<0.01);3)累计产沙量随累计产流量的增大而增大且满足线性函数关系,决定系数均在0.96以上。研究结果揭示了薄层浮土道路径流侵蚀规律,可为土质道路治理及道路侵蚀模型建立提供参考。     

不同隧道坡度下射流风机临界风速研究

为研究隧道坡度对射流风机临界风速的影响，通过理论分析与数值模拟，采用全尺寸隧道模型和5种不同火源功率，考虑0%，±1%，±3%，±5%，±7% 9种不同隧道坡度，研究隧道坡度对射流风机临界风速的影响规律。结果表明:坡度对射流风机临界风速有较大影响。在射流风机与火源纵向间距不小于100 m情况下，即其临界风速与火源纵向间距无关；当上坡时，其临界风速与火源功率的1/3次方成正比，坡度越大，临界风速越小；当下坡时，其临界风速与火源功率的1/3次方成正比，坡度（绝对值）越大，临界风速越大；对数据结果进行拟合，得到上坡与下坡时的射流风机临界风速模型，并与模拟结果取得了较好的一致性。